Putting guidelines into practice: has the era of perioperative chemotherapy arrived?

In the current landscape of bladder cancer management, marked survival differences exist between non-muscle invasive, muscle invasive and metastatic disease (5-year survival 95%, 50% and 6%, respectively) (1). The rationale for a multi-modal approach to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is to maximize curative treatment outcomes and prevent progression to metastatic disease.