Urinary biomarker for the detection of recurrence following non- muscle invasive bladder cancer: are we there yet?

A non-invasive urine based biomarker that is highly sensitive and specific is the ideal test to reduce the need for cystoscopy to detect bladder cancer. This is an area of much research with proof of concept reports showing a varying level of diagnostic accuracy using protein, genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic based markers.